Saturday 21 January 2012
Pengenalan angkup vernier
Satu alat mengukur jitu yang mempunyai ketepatan 1/1000" atau 1/100 mm. Angkup Vernier terdiri daripada dua bahagian iaitu satu bingkai berbentuk L dengan rahang boleh gerak dan satu bingkai yang mengandungi batang dengan rahang tetap (jaw). Batang mempunyai skala utama dalam inci(imperial scale) dan metrik (metric scale). Rahang boleh gerak mengelangsar di sepanjang batang. Bacaan boleh dikunci ke batang oleh satu skru pengapit (locking screw).Rahang luar ( External jaw) boleh mengukur garisan diameter bulatan, ketebalan dan panjang benda kerja. Rahang dalam (external jaw) boleh mengukur jarak, garis pusat gerek dan lubang, manakala bilah kedalaman (depth measuring blade) boleh mengukur kedalaman sesuatu lubang
Monday 16 January 2012
HISTORY OF FIFTH GENERATION OF COMPUTER(1985 and PRESENT)
THE FOURTH GENERATION OF COMPUTING SPANNED FROM 1975 TO 1985. COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY HAD ADVANCED SO RAPIDLY THAT COMPUTERS COULD FIT IN SOMETHING THE SIZE OF A TYPEWRITER. THESE WERE CALLED MICROCOMPUTERS, THE FIRST ONE BEING THE ALTAIR 8800. THE ALTAIR 8800 DEBUTED IN 1975 AS A MAIL-ORDER HOBBY KIT. MANY PEOPLE ACKNOWLEDGE THE ALTAIR 8800 AS THE COMPUTER THAT SPARKED THE MODERN COMPUTER REVOLUTION, ESPECIALLY SINCE BILL GATES AND PAUL ALLEN FOUNDED MICROSOFT WITH A PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE CALLED ALTAIR BASIC– MADE SPECIFICALLY FOR THE 8800. NOW THAT COMPUTERS COULD FIT ON DESKS THEY BECAME MUCH MORE COMMON.
A SMALL COMPANY CALLED APPLE COMPUTER, INC. WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1976 AND SINGLE HANDEDLY CHANGED THE INDUSTRY FOREVER. STEVE WOZNIAK AND STEVE JOBS BEGAN TO SELL THEIR APPLE 1 COMPUTER THAT SAME YEAR, AND IT QUICKLY GAINED POPULARITY. IT CAME WITH A KEYBOARD AND ONLY REQUIRED A MONITOR TO BE PLUGGED INTO THE BACK OF THE SYSTEM, WHICH WAS A NOVEL IDEA FOR COMPUTERS AT THAT TIME. THE APPLE II WAS RELEASED THE NEXT YEAR AND WAS THE FIRST MASS PRODUCED MICROCOMPUTER TO BE COMMERCIALLY SOLD, AND ALSO USHERED IN THE ERA OF PERSONAL COMPUTING.
IN 1981, MICROSOFT DISK OPERATING SYSTEM (MS-DOS) WAS RELEASED TO RUN ON THE INTEL 8086 MICROPROCESSOR. OVER THE NEXT FEW YEARS MS-DOS BECAME THE MOST POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEM IN THE WORLD, EVENTUALLY LEADING TO MICROSOFT WINDOWS 1.0 BEING RELEASED IN 1985. IN 1984 APPLE INTRODUCED THEIR MAC OS, WHICH WAS THE FIRST OPERATING SYSTEM TO BE COMPLETELY GRAPHICAL. BOTH MAC OS AND WINDOWS USED PULL-DOWN MENUS, ICONS, AND WINDOWS TO MAKE COMPUTING MORE USER-FRIENDLY. COMPUTERS WERE NOW BEING CONTROLLED WITH A MOUSE AS WELL AS KEYBOARD. THE FIRST MOUSE WAS DEVELOPED IN 1981 BY XEROX.
SOFTWARE BECAME MUCH MORE COMMON AND DIVERSE DURING THIS PERIOD WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPREADSHEETS, DATABASES, AND DRAWING PROGRAMS. COMPUTER NETWORKS AND E-MAIL BECAME MUCH MORE PREVALENT AS WELL.
THE FIRST TRULY PORTABLE COMPUTER, CALLED THE OSBORNE 1, WAS RELEASED IN 1981. PORTABLE COMPUTERS LIKE THE TRS-80 MODEL 100 / 102 AND IBM 5155 FOLLOWED AFTERWARD.
NOT ALL THE COMPUTERS OF THE TIME WERE SMALL, OF COURSE. THERE WERE STILL BEING SUPERCOMPUTERS BUILT WITH THE AIM OF BEING AS FAST AS POSSIBLE. THESE SUPERCOMPUTERS WERE SOLD TO COMPANIES, UNIVERSITIES, AND THE MILITARY. AN EXAMPLE OF ONE SUCH SUPERCOMPUTER IS THE CRAY-1, WHICH WAS RELEASED IN 1976 BY CRAY RESEARCH. IT BECAME ONE OF THE BEST KNOWN AND MOST SUCCESSFUL SUPERCOMPUTERS EVER FOR ITS UNIQUE DESIGN AND FAST SPEED OF 250 MFLOPS.
THIS GENERATION WAS ALSO IMPORTANT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS. THESE ARE SPECIAL SYSTEMS, USUALLY VERY TINY, THAT HAVE COMPUTERS INSIDE TO CONTROL THEIR OPERATION. THESE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS WERE PUT INTO THINGS LIKE CARS, THERMOSTATS, MICROWAVE OVENS, WRISTWATCHES, AND MORE
A SMALL COMPANY CALLED APPLE COMPUTER, INC. WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1976 AND SINGLE HANDEDLY CHANGED THE INDUSTRY FOREVER. STEVE WOZNIAK AND STEVE JOBS BEGAN TO SELL THEIR APPLE 1 COMPUTER THAT SAME YEAR, AND IT QUICKLY GAINED POPULARITY. IT CAME WITH A KEYBOARD AND ONLY REQUIRED A MONITOR TO BE PLUGGED INTO THE BACK OF THE SYSTEM, WHICH WAS A NOVEL IDEA FOR COMPUTERS AT THAT TIME. THE APPLE II WAS RELEASED THE NEXT YEAR AND WAS THE FIRST MASS PRODUCED MICROCOMPUTER TO BE COMMERCIALLY SOLD, AND ALSO USHERED IN THE ERA OF PERSONAL COMPUTING.
IN 1981, MICROSOFT DISK OPERATING SYSTEM (MS-DOS) WAS RELEASED TO RUN ON THE INTEL 8086 MICROPROCESSOR. OVER THE NEXT FEW YEARS MS-DOS BECAME THE MOST POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEM IN THE WORLD, EVENTUALLY LEADING TO MICROSOFT WINDOWS 1.0 BEING RELEASED IN 1985. IN 1984 APPLE INTRODUCED THEIR MAC OS, WHICH WAS THE FIRST OPERATING SYSTEM TO BE COMPLETELY GRAPHICAL. BOTH MAC OS AND WINDOWS USED PULL-DOWN MENUS, ICONS, AND WINDOWS TO MAKE COMPUTING MORE USER-FRIENDLY. COMPUTERS WERE NOW BEING CONTROLLED WITH A MOUSE AS WELL AS KEYBOARD. THE FIRST MOUSE WAS DEVELOPED IN 1981 BY XEROX.
SOFTWARE BECAME MUCH MORE COMMON AND DIVERSE DURING THIS PERIOD WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPREADSHEETS, DATABASES, AND DRAWING PROGRAMS. COMPUTER NETWORKS AND E-MAIL BECAME MUCH MORE PREVALENT AS WELL.
THE FIRST TRULY PORTABLE COMPUTER, CALLED THE OSBORNE 1, WAS RELEASED IN 1981. PORTABLE COMPUTERS LIKE THE TRS-80 MODEL 100 / 102 AND IBM 5155 FOLLOWED AFTERWARD.
NOT ALL THE COMPUTERS OF THE TIME WERE SMALL, OF COURSE. THERE WERE STILL BEING SUPERCOMPUTERS BUILT WITH THE AIM OF BEING AS FAST AS POSSIBLE. THESE SUPERCOMPUTERS WERE SOLD TO COMPANIES, UNIVERSITIES, AND THE MILITARY. AN EXAMPLE OF ONE SUCH SUPERCOMPUTER IS THE CRAY-1, WHICH WAS RELEASED IN 1976 BY CRAY RESEARCH. IT BECAME ONE OF THE BEST KNOWN AND MOST SUCCESSFUL SUPERCOMPUTERS EVER FOR ITS UNIQUE DESIGN AND FAST SPEED OF 250 MFLOPS.
THIS GENERATION WAS ALSO IMPORTANT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS. THESE ARE SPECIAL SYSTEMS, USUALLY VERY TINY, THAT HAVE COMPUTERS INSIDE TO CONTROL THEIR OPERATION. THESE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS WERE PUT INTO THINGS LIKE CARS, THERMOSTATS, MICROWAVE OVENS, WRISTWATCHES, AND MORE
HISTORY OF FORTH GENERATION OF COMPUTER(1975-1985)
THE FOURTH GENERATION OF COMPUTING SPANNED FROM 1975 TO 1985. COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY HAD ADVANCED SO RAPIDLY THAT COMPUTERS COULD FIT IN SOMETHING THE SIZE OF A TYPEWRITER. THESE WERE CALLED MICROCOMPUTERS, THE FIRST ONE BEING THE ALTAIR 8800. THE ALTAIR 8800 DEBUTED IN 1975 AS A MAIL-ORDER HOBBY KIT. MANY PEOPLE ACKNOWLEDGE THE ALTAIR 8800 AS THE COMPUTER THAT SPARKED THE MODERN COMPUTER REVOLUTION, ESPECIALLY SINCE BILL GATES AND PAUL ALLEN FOUNDED MICROSOFT WITH A PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE CALLED ALTAIR BASIC– MADE SPECIFICALLY FOR THE 8800. NOW THAT COMPUTERS COULD FIT ON DESKS THEY BECAME MUCH MORE COMMON.
A SMALL COMPANY CALLED APPLE COMPUTER, INC. WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1976 AND SINGLE HANDEDLY CHANGED THE INDUSTRY FOREVER. STEVE WOZNIAK AND STEVE JOBS BEGAN TO SELL THEIR APPLE 1 COMPUTER THAT SAME YEAR, AND IT QUICKLY GAINED POPULARITY. IT CAME WITH A KEYBOARD AND ONLY REQUIRED A MONITOR TO BE PLUGGED INTO THE BACK OF THE SYSTEM, WHICH WAS A NOVEL IDEA FOR COMPUTERS AT THAT TIME. THE APPLE II WAS RELEASED THE NEXT YEAR AND WAS THE FIRST MASS PRODUCED MICROCOMPUTER TO BE COMMERCIALLY SOLD, AND ALSO USHERED IN THE ERA OF PERSONAL COMPUTING.
IN 1981, MICROSOFT DISK OPERATING SYSTEM (MS-DOS) WAS RELEASED TO RUN ON THE INTEL 8086 MICROPROCESSOR. OVER THE NEXT FEW YEARS MS-DOS BECAME THE MOST POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEM IN THE WORLD, EVENTUALLY LEADING TO MICROSOFT WINDOWS 1.0 BEING RELEASED IN 1985. IN 1984 APPLE INTRODUCED THEIR MAC OS, WHICH WAS THE FIRST OPERATING SYSTEM TO BE COMPLETELY GRAPHICAL. BOTH MAC OS AND WINDOWS USED PULL-DOWN MENUS, ICONS, AND WINDOWS TO MAKE COMPUTING MORE USER-FRIENDLY. COMPUTERS WERE NOW BEING CONTROLLED WITH A MOUSE AS WELL AS KEYBOARD. THE FIRST MOUSE WAS DEVELOPED IN 1981 BY XEROX.
SOFTWARE BECAME MUCH MORE COMMON AND DIVERSE DURING THIS PERIOD WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPREADSHEETS, DATABASES, AND DRAWING PROGRAMS. COMPUTER NETWORKS AND E-MAIL BECAME MUCH MORE PREVALENT AS WELL.
THE FIRST TRULY PORTABLE COMPUTER, CALLED THE OSBORNE 1, WAS RELEASED IN 1981. PORTABLE COMPUTERS LIKE THE TRS-80 MODEL 100 / 102 AND IBM 5155 FOLLOWED AFTERWARD.
NOT ALL THE COMPUTERS OF THE TIME WERE SMALL, OF COURSE. THERE WERE STILL BEING SUPERCOMPUTERS BUILT WITH THE AIM OF BEING AS FAST AS POSSIBLE. THESE SUPERCOMPUTERS WERE SOLD TO COMPANIES, UNIVERSITIES, AND THE MILITARY. AN EXAMPLE OF ONE SUCH SUPERCOMPUTER IS THE CRAY-1, WHICH WAS RELEASED IN 1976 BY CRAY RESEARCH. IT BECAME ONE OF THE BEST KNOWN AND MOST SUCCESSFUL SUPERCOMPUTERS EVER FOR ITS UNIQUE DESIGN AND FAST SPEED OF 250 MFLOPS.
THIS GENERATION WAS ALSO IMPORTANT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS. THESE ARE SPECIAL SYSTEMS, USUALLY VERY TINY, THAT HAVE COMPUTERS INSIDE TO CONTROL THEIR OPERATION. THESE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS WERE PUT INTO THINGS LIKE CARS, THERMOSTATS, MICROWAVE OVENS, WRISTWATCHES, AND MORE
A SMALL COMPANY CALLED APPLE COMPUTER, INC. WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1976 AND SINGLE HANDEDLY CHANGED THE INDUSTRY FOREVER. STEVE WOZNIAK AND STEVE JOBS BEGAN TO SELL THEIR APPLE 1 COMPUTER THAT SAME YEAR, AND IT QUICKLY GAINED POPULARITY. IT CAME WITH A KEYBOARD AND ONLY REQUIRED A MONITOR TO BE PLUGGED INTO THE BACK OF THE SYSTEM, WHICH WAS A NOVEL IDEA FOR COMPUTERS AT THAT TIME. THE APPLE II WAS RELEASED THE NEXT YEAR AND WAS THE FIRST MASS PRODUCED MICROCOMPUTER TO BE COMMERCIALLY SOLD, AND ALSO USHERED IN THE ERA OF PERSONAL COMPUTING.
IN 1981, MICROSOFT DISK OPERATING SYSTEM (MS-DOS) WAS RELEASED TO RUN ON THE INTEL 8086 MICROPROCESSOR. OVER THE NEXT FEW YEARS MS-DOS BECAME THE MOST POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEM IN THE WORLD, EVENTUALLY LEADING TO MICROSOFT WINDOWS 1.0 BEING RELEASED IN 1985. IN 1984 APPLE INTRODUCED THEIR MAC OS, WHICH WAS THE FIRST OPERATING SYSTEM TO BE COMPLETELY GRAPHICAL. BOTH MAC OS AND WINDOWS USED PULL-DOWN MENUS, ICONS, AND WINDOWS TO MAKE COMPUTING MORE USER-FRIENDLY. COMPUTERS WERE NOW BEING CONTROLLED WITH A MOUSE AS WELL AS KEYBOARD. THE FIRST MOUSE WAS DEVELOPED IN 1981 BY XEROX.
SOFTWARE BECAME MUCH MORE COMMON AND DIVERSE DURING THIS PERIOD WITH THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPREADSHEETS, DATABASES, AND DRAWING PROGRAMS. COMPUTER NETWORKS AND E-MAIL BECAME MUCH MORE PREVALENT AS WELL.
THE FIRST TRULY PORTABLE COMPUTER, CALLED THE OSBORNE 1, WAS RELEASED IN 1981. PORTABLE COMPUTERS LIKE THE TRS-80 MODEL 100 / 102 AND IBM 5155 FOLLOWED AFTERWARD.
NOT ALL THE COMPUTERS OF THE TIME WERE SMALL, OF COURSE. THERE WERE STILL BEING SUPERCOMPUTERS BUILT WITH THE AIM OF BEING AS FAST AS POSSIBLE. THESE SUPERCOMPUTERS WERE SOLD TO COMPANIES, UNIVERSITIES, AND THE MILITARY. AN EXAMPLE OF ONE SUCH SUPERCOMPUTER IS THE CRAY-1, WHICH WAS RELEASED IN 1976 BY CRAY RESEARCH. IT BECAME ONE OF THE BEST KNOWN AND MOST SUCCESSFUL SUPERCOMPUTERS EVER FOR ITS UNIQUE DESIGN AND FAST SPEED OF 250 MFLOPS.
THIS GENERATION WAS ALSO IMPORTANT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF EMBEDDED SYSTEMS. THESE ARE SPECIAL SYSTEMS, USUALLY VERY TINY, THAT HAVE COMPUTERS INSIDE TO CONTROL THEIR OPERATION. THESE EMBEDDED SYSTEMS WERE PUT INTO THINGS LIKE CARS, THERMOSTATS, MICROWAVE OVENS, WRISTWATCHES, AND MORE
HISTORY OF THIRD GENERATION OF COMPUTER(1965-1975)
THE THIRD GENERATION OF COMPUTING SPANNED FROM 1965 TO 1975. DURING THIS TIME INTEGRATED CIRCUITS WITH TRANSISTORS, RESISTORS, AND CAPACITORS WERE ETCHED ONTO A PIECE OF SILICON. THIS REDUCED THE PRICE AND SIZE OF COMPUTERS, ADDING TO A GENERAL TREND IN THE COMPUTER INDUSTRY OF MINIATURIZATION. IN 1960 THE DIGITAL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION INTRODUCED THE PROGRAMMED DATA PROCESSOR- 1 (PDP-1), WHICH CAN BE CALLED THE FIRST MINICOMPUTER DUE TO ITS RELATIVELY SMALL SIZE. IT IS CLASSIFIED AS A THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER BECAUSE OF THE WAY IT WAS BUILT, EVEN THOUGH IT WAS MADE BEFORE 1965. THE PDP-1 WAS ALSO THE COMPUTER THAT RAN THE VERY FIRST VIDEO GAME, CALLED SPACEWAR (WRITTEN IN 1962).
THE SOFTWARE INDUSTRY CAME INTO EXISTENCE IN THE MID 1970′S AS COMPANIES FORMED TO WRITE PROGRAMS THAT WOULD SATISFY THE INCREASING NUMBER OF COMPUTER USERS. COMPUTERS WERE BEING USED EVERYWHERE IN BUSINESS, GOVERNMENT, MILITARY, AND EDUCATION ENVIRONMENTS. BECAUSE OF THERE TARGET MARKET, THE FIRST SOFTWARE COMPANIES MOSTLY OFFERED ACCOUNTING AND STATISTICAL PROGRAMS. THIS TIME PERIOD ALSO HAD THE FIRST SET OF COMPUTING STANDARDS CREATED FOR COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN SYSTEMS.
E-MAIL ORIGINATED SOMETIME BETWEEN 1961 AND 1966, ALLOWING COMPUTER USERS TO SEND MESSAGES TO EACH OTHER AS LONG AS THEY WERE CONNECTED THROUGH A NETWORK. THIS IS CLOSELY TIED TO THE WORK THAT WAS BEING DONE ON ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECTS AGENCY NETWORK (ARPANET), NETWORKING TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION THAT WOULD ONE DAY BRING THE INTERNET
THE SOFTWARE INDUSTRY CAME INTO EXISTENCE IN THE MID 1970′S AS COMPANIES FORMED TO WRITE PROGRAMS THAT WOULD SATISFY THE INCREASING NUMBER OF COMPUTER USERS. COMPUTERS WERE BEING USED EVERYWHERE IN BUSINESS, GOVERNMENT, MILITARY, AND EDUCATION ENVIRONMENTS. BECAUSE OF THERE TARGET MARKET, THE FIRST SOFTWARE COMPANIES MOSTLY OFFERED ACCOUNTING AND STATISTICAL PROGRAMS. THIS TIME PERIOD ALSO HAD THE FIRST SET OF COMPUTING STANDARDS CREATED FOR COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN SYSTEMS.
E-MAIL ORIGINATED SOMETIME BETWEEN 1961 AND 1966, ALLOWING COMPUTER USERS TO SEND MESSAGES TO EACH OTHER AS LONG AS THEY WERE CONNECTED THROUGH A NETWORK. THIS IS CLOSELY TIED TO THE WORK THAT WAS BEING DONE ON ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECTS AGENCY NETWORK (ARPANET), NETWORKING TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION THAT WOULD ONE DAY BRING THE INTERNET
HISTORY OF SECOND GENERATION OF COMPUTER(1957-1965)
THE SECOND GENERATION OF COMPUTING TOOK PLACE BETWEEN 1957 AND 1965. COMPUTERS WERE NOW IMPLEMENTING TRANSISTORS, WHICH HAD BEEN INVENTED IN 1947 BY A GROUP OF RESEACHERS AT BELL LABORATORIES, INSTEAD OF VACUUM TUBES. BECAUSE OF THE TRANSISTOR AND ADVANCES IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, COMPUTERS WERE NOW CHEAPER, FASTER, MORE RELIABLE, AND CHEAPER THAN EVER BEFORE. MORE UNIVERSITIES, BUSINESSES, AND GOVERNMENT AGENCIES COULD ACTUALLY AFFORD COMPUTERS NOW. IN 1957 THE FIRST FORTRAN COMPILER WAS RELEASED. FORTRAN WAS THE FIRST HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE EVER MADE. IT WAS DEVELOPED BY IBM FOR SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING USE. IN 1959, THE COMMON BUSINESS-ORIENTED LANGUAGE (COBOL) PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE WAS RELEASED. WHERE FORTRAN WAS DESIGNED FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, COBOL WAS DESIGNED TO SERVE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENTS WITH THEIR FINANCES AND ADMINISTRATIVE TASKS. THESE TWO PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES ESSENTIALLY HELPED TO CREATE THE OCCUPATION OF A PROGRAMMER. BEFORE THESE LANGUAGES, PROGRAMMING COMPUTERS REQUIRED ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING KNOWLEDGE. THIS GENERATION OF COMPUTERS ALSO HAD AN INCREASE IN THE USE OF CORE MEMORY AND DISKS FOR MASS STORAGE. A NOTABLE COMPUTER TO MENTION FROM THIS TIME PERIOD IS THE IBM SYSTEM/360, A MAINFRAME COMPUTER THAT IS CONSIDERED ONE OF THE IMPORTANT MILESTONES IN THE INDUSTRY. IT WAS ACTUALLY A FAMILY OF COMPUTER MODELS THAT COULD BE SOLD TO A WIDE VARIETY OF BUSINESSES AND INSTITUTIONS.
HISTORY OF FIRST GENERATION OF COMPUTER(1950-1957)
THE FIRST COMPUTER TO IMPLEMENT VON NEUMANN’S IDEA WAS THE EDVAC IN 1951, DEVELOPED IN A PROJECT LED BY VON NEUMANN HIMSELF. AT THE SAME TIME A COMPUTER USING STORED PROGRAMS WAS DEVELOPED IN ENGLAND, CALLED THE EDSAC. THE EDVAC WAS COMMERCIALIZED AND CALLED THE UNIVAC 1. IT WAS SOLD TO THE U.S. BUREAU OF THE CENSUS IN MARCH, 1951. THIS WAS ACTUALLY THE FIRST COMPUTER EVER BUILT FOR SALE. THE UNIVAC 1 MADE A FAMOUS APPEARANCE ON CBS IN NOVEMBER, 1952 DURING THE PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION. THE TELEVISION NETWORK HAD RENTED THE COMPUTER TO BOOST RATINGS, PLANNING TO HAVE THE COMPUTER PREDICT WHO WOULD WIN THE ELECTION. THE UNIVAC PREDICTED VERY EARLY ON THATEISENHOWER WOULD BEAT STEVENSON, WHICH WAS CORRECT. NETWORK EXECUTIVES WERE SKEPTICAL AND DID NOT GO LIVE WITH THE PREDICTION UNTIL THEY HAD ARRIVED AT THE SAME CONCLUSION USING MANUAL METHODS. THE UNIVAC SAT RIGHT BEHIND CBS STAFF DURING THE BROADCAST, AND IT WAS THE FIRST TIME THAT MANY PEOPLE HAD THE CHANCE TO SEE THIS ELUSIVE NEW TECHNOLOGY CALLED THE COMPUTER.
IBM’S FIRST PRODUCTION COMPUTER WAS THE IBM 701 DEFENSE CALCULATOR, INTRODUCED IN APRIL, 1952. THE IBM 701 WAS USED MOSTLY FOR SCIENTIFIC CALCULATION. THE EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC 1, AND IBM 701 WERE ALL LARGE, EXPENSIVE, SLOW, AND UNRELIABLE PIECES OF TECHNOLOGY– LIKE ALL COMPUTERS OF THIS TIME. SOME OTHER COMPUTERS OF THIS TIME WORTH MENTIONING ARE THE WHIRLWIND, DEVELOPED AT MASSACHUSSETS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, AND JOHNNIAC, BY THE RAND CORPORATION. THE WHIRLWIND WAS THE FIRST COMPUTER TO DISPLAY REAL TIME VIDEO AND USE CORE MEMORY. THE JOHNNIAC WAS NAMED IN HONOR OF JON VON NEUMANN. COMPUTERS AT THIS TIME WERE USUALLY KEPT IN SPECIAL LOCATIONS LIKE GOVERNMENT AND UNIVERSITY RESEARCH LABS OR MILITARY COMPOUNDS. ONLY SPECIALLY TRAINED PERSONNEL WERE GRANTED ACCESS TO THESE COMPUTERS. BECAUSE THEY USED VACUUM TUBES TO CALCULATE AND STORE INFORMATION, THESE COMPUTERS WERE ALSO VERY HARD TO MAINTAIN. FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS ALSO USED PUNCHED CARDS TO STORE SYMBOLIC PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES. MOST PEOPLE WERE INDIRECTLY AFFECTED BY THIS FIRST GENERATION OF COMPUTING MACHINES AND KNEW LITTLE OF THEIR EXISTENCE.
IBM’S FIRST PRODUCTION COMPUTER WAS THE IBM 701 DEFENSE CALCULATOR, INTRODUCED IN APRIL, 1952. THE IBM 701 WAS USED MOSTLY FOR SCIENTIFIC CALCULATION. THE EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC 1, AND IBM 701 WERE ALL LARGE, EXPENSIVE, SLOW, AND UNRELIABLE PIECES OF TECHNOLOGY– LIKE ALL COMPUTERS OF THIS TIME. SOME OTHER COMPUTERS OF THIS TIME WORTH MENTIONING ARE THE WHIRLWIND, DEVELOPED AT MASSACHUSSETS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, AND JOHNNIAC, BY THE RAND CORPORATION. THE WHIRLWIND WAS THE FIRST COMPUTER TO DISPLAY REAL TIME VIDEO AND USE CORE MEMORY. THE JOHNNIAC WAS NAMED IN HONOR OF JON VON NEUMANN. COMPUTERS AT THIS TIME WERE USUALLY KEPT IN SPECIAL LOCATIONS LIKE GOVERNMENT AND UNIVERSITY RESEARCH LABS OR MILITARY COMPOUNDS. ONLY SPECIALLY TRAINED PERSONNEL WERE GRANTED ACCESS TO THESE COMPUTERS. BECAUSE THEY USED VACUUM TUBES TO CALCULATE AND STORE INFORMATION, THESE COMPUTERS WERE ALSO VERY HARD TO MAINTAIN. FIRST GENERATION COMPUTERS ALSO USED PUNCHED CARDS TO STORE SYMBOLIC PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES. MOST PEOPLE WERE INDIRECTLY AFFECTED BY THIS FIRST GENERATION OF COMPUTING MACHINES AND KNEW LITTLE OF THEIR EXISTENCE.
Sunday 15 January 2012
computer system
A computer is a programmable machine designed to sequentially and automatically carry out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations. The particular sequence of operations can be changed readily, allowing the computer to solve more than one kind of problem. An important class of computer operations on some computing platforms is the accepting of input from human operators and the output of results formatted for human consumption. The interface between the computer and the human operator is known as the user interface.
Conventionally a computer consists of some form of memory, at least one element that carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit that can change the order of operations based on the information that is stored. Peripheral devices allow information to be entered from an external source, and allow the results of operations to be sent out.
A computer's processing unit executes series of instructions that make it read, manipulate and then store data. Conditional instructions change the sequence of instructions as a function of the current state of the machine or its environment.
The first electronic digital computers were developed in the mid-20th century (1940–1945). Originally, they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs).[1] In this era mechanical analog computers were used for military applications.
Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space.[2] Simple computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, and mobile computers can be powered by small batteries. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as "computers". However, the embedded computers found in many devices from mp3 players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are the most numerous.
Conventionally a computer consists of some form of memory, at least one element that carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit that can change the order of operations based on the information that is stored. Peripheral devices allow information to be entered from an external source, and allow the results of operations to be sent out.
A computer's processing unit executes series of instructions that make it read, manipulate and then store data. Conditional instructions change the sequence of instructions as a function of the current state of the machine or its environment.
The first electronic digital computers were developed in the mid-20th century (1940–1945). Originally, they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs).[1] In this era mechanical analog computers were used for military applications.
Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space.[2] Simple computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, and mobile computers can be powered by small batteries. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the Information Age and are what most people think of as "computers". However, the embedded computers found in many devices from mp3 players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are the most numerous.
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